@Subhash"
The People's Revolution in France and the
Industrial Revolution in England transformed Europe's social and political
system. Due to the changes in the
physical environment and social dimensions, there was a new development in the
intellectuals. A wave of new ideology
and realism began to run in the fanatical, blind-worldly old ideologies. Within the political system, people began to
seek their rights and existence. In this
way, art and literature too, breathing a sigh of relief, suddenly began to tear
apart the external material world. Art
and literature, which were limited to the kings and emperors and other elites,
gradually began to fight for the rights of the common people.
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The ideological currents of Classicalism or
neo-Classicalism prevalent in the
pre-eighteenth century now began to seem hollow and confusing to the
people. Due to this new concept,
Romanticism is born in the field of art and literature by carrying the
expressions of freedom in the land of classicalism and neoclassicalism. The first credit goes to "William Wordsworth" and Coldridge as the fathers of Romantic art.
Then there are Byron, John Keats, and PB Shelley. Although they are all Romantic poets, there
are some differences in their expressions.
For example, "William Wordsworth" has given an emotional
expression by considering nature as a symbol of spirituality. "Coldridge" adds a mystical expression to the
mysterious elements of nature by making them soul-seven. While PB Shelley has made symbolic expression
by making nature a witness of intellect and ideology. PB Shelley had separate views on poetry and
poetry. According to him, poets are the representatives of society, and poetry
is the mirror of society.
PB Shelley's Romantic expressions can be
placed and weighed on different levels based on expressions and humorous
methods. The first is personal
expression, the second is natural expression, the third is revolutionary and
realistic expression and optimism. Born
in Sussex, England in 1792, Shelley's personal life was not pleasant. The marital life of PB Shelley, who always
had to stay away from patriarchy, support and inspirations, was not so
happy. Shelley's life has been full of
struggles due to financial hardship, deprived life and trauma from family
quarrels.
Alas ! I have Nor Hope,
Nor Peace Within Nor Calm
Around,
Nor That Content Surprising Wealth,
To Sage in Meditation found.
The Complete Works of P.B. Shelley (English poets Book 4)
Out Of The Day And Night,
A Joy Has Taken Flight,
Fresh Spring And Summer, And Winter
Hear,
Move By Faint, heart With Grief , But
With Delights,
No More- Oh Never More.
But Shelley did not attach much
importance to the sufferings of her personal life. In her poems, Shelley expresses the natural
and revolutionary rebellious sentiments rather than the depressing sentiments
of personal life. Shelley's expression
differs from that of the earlier or contemporary Romantic poets in terms of
natural connotations. Shelley was not an
emotionalist in terms of natural expression, but always compared nature with
life in terms of intelligence and ideology, and gave an analytical expression
in scientific wonder.
I Am The Daughter Of Earth And Water
And The Nursling Of The Sky,
I Pass Through The Pores Of The Oceans And Shores,
I Changed But I Cannot die..
In another context of natural
expression, Shelley's philosophy and artistic methods are different. He looks at nature through the lens of
science and sometimes shows the activities of the clouds and sometimes considers
nature as a form of humanity and love.
He has thus received the symbolic messages of brotherhood and human love
in nature.
‘’Scatter As From An Unextinguished Hearth,
Ashes And Sparks, My Words Among
Mankind!
If Winter Comes, Can Spring Be Far
Behind ?
From the experiences of P. B. Shelley's
personal life to the context of natural, humanist, and optimistic expressions
are discussed in detail in the above lines.
Poet , writer, literaturers ,Artists,
were greatly influenced by the People's Revolution of France and the Industrial
Revolutions of England. Let's say that
from this time onwards, many great artists and writers have become
revolutionaries by assimilating the life-giving principles. Shelley could not remain untouched by the
wave and influence of the revolutionary expression of creating democratic works
of art as a representative of the society.
His pen was already used for revolutionary expression. It is understood that the philosophy of Marxism
has greatly influenced the poetic style in terms of revolutionary, rebellious
expression. In his manifesto, Karl Marx
called on the proletariat to take the field of rebellion for social justice and
class emancipation, saying that the proletariat had nothing to lose but the
shackles of slavery. Explaining that the
majority of the proletariat has to be exploited by the minority exploiters,
Marx further said, the exploiters are few, the exploited are many. The above expressions of Marx are similar
here in the poetry of P. B. Shelley.
Rise Like Lions After Slumber
In Unvanquishable number
Shake your Chains To Earth Like dew,
Which In Sleep Had Fallen On You,
You Are Many – They Are Few.
In the context of the revolutionary
rebel expression, there is no emotion or resentment in PB Shelley's
expression. They have been able to penetrate
into the consciousness of the people through simple means of expression. Giving revolutionary expressions in his
poems, it seems that he has sometimes gone beyond the dignity of Romanticism
and has become a strong progressive proletarian.
The Seed Ye Sow, Another Reaps;
The Wealth Ye Find, Another Keeps;
The Robes Ye Weave, Another Wears;
The Arms Ye Forge, Another Bears.
Sweating and drying their blood all day
long, they can't even eat to their heart's content. Marx's humanist doctrine that the working
people should have enough to eat is embodied here.
For The Labourer Thou Are Bread
And A Comely Table Spread
From His Daily Labour Come,
To A Neat And Happy Home.
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Shelley, a staunch supporter of the
people's right to self-determination, fully supports the Irish people's
struggle for freedom, calling it a struggle for the sacred liberation of the
people. One of his poems is relatively
irrelevant to the spirit of the freedom fighters in Ireland.
Arise, Arise, Arise,
Awake, Awake, Awake!
Wave, Wave, High The Banner!
When Freedom Is Ridding To Conquest By;
Through the Slaves That Fan Her.
Specialist symbolic words and phrases have been used extensively in Romantic poems from the point of view of theoretical flow, artistry and sentimentality. It is not possible to say whether this is a liberal ideological belief or a prevailing practice. Because of the great use of symbolic words and phrases in the Romantic poems of great personalities like William Wordsworth, Coldridge, Viren, John Keats. Shelley has used similar symbolic words and phrases in almost all of her poems. That is why in some places it is very difficult to understand his poetry. One of his poems entitled "Euganean Hill" uses the phrase "symbolic". Here the poet has compared the law of change of nature with the change of social system and has given expression to it in a symbolic way.
Lo, The Sun Floats Up The Sky,
Like Though – Winged Liberty,
Till The Universal Light
Seems To Level, Plain And Height
Shelley's feminist sentiment is
remarkable.
Can Be Man Be Free If Woman Be Slave ?
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Never Will Peace And Human Nature
Meet,
Till Free And Equal Man And Woman Meet.
P. B. Shelley was a great folk (People's) poet,
rich in intellect, ideology. Initially a
fan of Napoleon Bonaparte, the French dictator, he later became a fierce critic
of Napoleon for his ruthlessness, tyranny, and ambition. Probably one of the battles fought and won by
Napoleon was the famous battle of "Waterloo"; Napoleon's critique of the negative effects
of the violent events of the war can be found in this poem.
I Hated These, Fallen Tyrant! I Did Groan,
To Think That A Most Unambititious Slave,
Like Thou, Shouldst Dance And Revel On The
Grave Of Liberty.
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